The sequel, Futureworld (1976), used the 3D wire-frame imagery, which featured a computer-animated hand and face both created by University of Utah graduates Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke. Īn early step in the history of computer animation was the sequel to the 1973 film Westworld, a science-fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans. In 1971, a computer animation called "Metadata" was created, showing various shapes. In 1968, a computer animation called " Kitty" was created with BESM-4 by Nikolai Konstantinov, depicting a cat moving around. In 1967, a computer animation named "Hummingbird" was created by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer. Other digital animation was also practiced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. See also: Timeline of computer animation in film and television and Video game graphicsĮarly digital computer animation was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1960s by Edward E. To produce more realistic imagery, computer animation demands higher frame rates.įilms seen in theaters in the United States run at 24 frames per second, which is sufficient to create the illusion of continuous movement. Conventional hand-drawn cartoon animation often uses 15 frames per second in order to save on the number of drawings needed, but this is usually accepted because of the stylized nature of cartoons. At rates below 12 frames per second, most people can detect jerkiness associated with the drawing of new images that detracts from the illusion of realistic movement. (A frame is one complete image.) With rates above 75-120 frames per second, no improvement in realism or smoothness is perceivable due to the way the eye and the brain both process images. To trick the eye and the brain into thinking they are seeing a smoothly moving object, the pictures should be drawn at around 12 frames per second or faster.
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Adobe Flash, X3D) often use software on the end-user's computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations. Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet (e.g. The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end-user audience. For pre-recorded presentations, the rendered frames are transferred to a different format or medium, like digital video. For 2D vector animations, the rendering process is the key frame illustration process, while tweened frames are rendered as needed. įor 3D animations, all frames must be rendered after the modeling is complete. The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing. of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames.
Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. For 2D figure animations, separate objects (illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton. This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion pictures.įor 3D animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it but advanced slightly in time (usually at a rate of 24, 25, or 30 frames/second). Computer-generated animations can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces, or props.
Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes film as well.Ĭomputer animation is essentially a digital successor to stop motion techniques, but using 3D models, and traditional animation techniques using frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics to generate a three-dimensional picture, although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time renderings. The more general term computer-generated imagery (CGI) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animation only refers to moving images. An example of computer animation which is produced from the " motion capture" techniqueĬomputer animation is the process used for digitally generating animated images.
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